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Meanders and paradoxes of interwar film censorship in PolandThe article concerns film censorship in Poland in the interwar period. The first detailed rules on censorship appeared in February 1919. Due to the small level of film production, these provisions related primarily to distribution and screenings. The detailed instructions for censors from 1920 cited in the text contain a long list of prohibitions concerning the presentation of scenes and images "contrary to law and public morality." In practice, film was subject to political, moral, military, religious, and also artistic censorship. The article presents the ways to circumvent censorship guidelines used by distributors and cinema owners, as well as a critical evaluation of the activities of this institution in the eyes of film publicists. ; Meanders and paradoxes of interwar fi lm censorship in PolandThe article concerns film censorship in Poland in the interwar period. The first detailed rules on censorship appeared in February 1919. Due to the small level of film production, these provisions related primarily to distribution and screenings. The detailed instructions for censors from 1920 cited in the text contain a long list of prohibitions concerning the presentation of scenes and images "contrary to law and public morality." In practice, film was subject to political, moral, military, religious, and also artistic censorship. The article presents the ways to circumvent censorship guidelines used by distributors and cinema owners, as well as a critical evaluation of the activities of this institution in the eyes of film publicists.

The title of Ewa Mazierska and Elżbieta Ostrowska's Women in Polish Cinema designates an area of film studies doubly neglected. In the field of Polish cinema studies, itself marginal territory, there has been scant attention paid to gender issues. The authors lay much of the blame for this at the feet of Polish film scholars themselves, resistant to gender studies out of an all too symptomatic hostility towards feminism as an alien, "corrupting Western influence". Attempting significantly to redress this situation, the authors establish a twofold purpose: to assess the representations of women onscreen and to reassess the place within Polish cinema of women behind the camera. Their analysis mediated by a strong sense of national specificity, Mazierska and Ostrowska reveal the range of historical, political and religious factors that have determined (indeed sometimes over-determined) constructions of femininity in Polish culture and film.

Constitutional acts of the Second Polish Republic of 1918, 1921 and 1935 have been researched in the present article. Legal status of the Parliament of Poland in 1918-1939, authorities of certain chambers has been clarified. Authorities of the Parliament as to formation of executive and judicial branches of government have been analyzed.The author draws attention to practical value of the research of historical legal experience of Polish public officials in the Second Polish Republic since main tasks of constitutional process were to restore stability in the country by changing the Constitution, overcoming political crisis, strengthening state authority etc. Nowadays these tasks are relevant to Ukraine. The following documents have been analyzed in the present article: Regent Council Decree of 11th November 1918 under which Józef Piłsudski came to power, major constitutional documents issued by the first President of Polish Republic, the decree of 22nd November 1918 on supreme representative authority of the Polish Republic (Constituent Seym) and decree of 28th November 1918 which affirmed electoral ordination to the Polish Constituent Seym.The first session of a newly-elected parliament was held on 10th February 1919. One of the key issues of the agenda was adoption of a new constitution of the Polish Republic and for this purpose on 14th February 1919 the Constitutional Committee was established. Since work on such project required time, it was decided to adopt a temporary constitutional act – Constituent Seym resolution of 20th February 1919 (so called Small Constitution). Parliament was acknowledged to be sovereign and legislative one-chambered authority in Polish commonwealth. Period of its functioning was not determined and it was functioning from February 1919 till the end of November 1922. During this period Seym deputies held 342 plenary meetings and adopted 342 laws. The most significant result of the Second Polish Republic First Parliament was the adoption of a new Constitution on 17th March 1921.According to the Constitution 1921, Parliament consisting of Seym and Senate (article 2) was recognized to be the only legislative authority. Seym was made up of 444 deputies, and Senate – 111 senators. It was forbidden to hold more than one office – deputy or senator. The author has analyzed disposition of the Constitution and attracted our attention to the fact that certain norms were borrowed from Austrian Constitution 1867 (Constitutional Law about changing the law of 26th February 1861 on imperial representation of 21st December 1867).In 1925-1926 Poland was in great difficulties – economic crisis, inflation, high level of unemployment led to dissatisfaction among vast majority of population. Along with economic problems, a lot of political troubles appeared – political forces in the Parliament were in confrontation to each other and could not come to an agreement, governments were changed very often, social issues were not resolved. Parliamentary form of government led to disappointment and discontent. As a result, Parliament powers were restrained. At first, changes in the Constitution were introduced in 1926, but they were just the first step towards restriction of Parliament powers. The next step was the adoption of new Constitution in 1934 by the Parliament and its signing on 23rd April 1935 by President of Poland I. Moscicki. This Constitution expanded powers of executive authority and restricted citizens' opportunity to take part in state-building procedures.Summing up, the author remarks that the Constitution 1921 determined Poland to be a parliamentary monarchy and created considerable preconditions for developing parliamentarism. This Constitution contained vital dispositions which consolidated allocation of powers and can be helpful in reforming the valid Constitution of Ukraine. Taking this into consideration, special interest is aroused by such things as disposition about the right to hold more than one office (post of a deputy and minister), restriction of deputy's inviolability, Parliament powers when a president is not able to execute his powers etc.Since 1926 a new Constitutional reform, which expanded president's powers and strengthened executive authority, has been carried out. President and government received even more powers owing to the adoption of the Constitution in 1935. The author assumes that the Second Polish Republic had a chance to be gradually turned from parliamentary to presidential. These political changes had a negative impact on a political state of the country, weakened it significantly and created precondition for external aggression. In 1939, in consequence of conclusion of Soviet-German Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Poland once again lost its independence. ; Досліджено конституційні акти Другої Польської Республіки 1918, 1921 та 1935 рр. З'ясовано правовий статус парламенту Польщі у 1918–1939 рр., компетенцію його окремих палат. Проаналізовано повноваження парламенту щодо формування виконавчої та судової гілок влади.

There has been studied the system of military education in the cadet corps – "modern schools of chivalry" in Poland during 1918-1939. Cadet corps were well organized educational institutions that conducted proper training of young men for further studies in officer high schools. The article indicates that the main attention was paid to the formation of patriotism, strong character, sustained will, citizenship, discipline, and moral values in future officers of the Polish Army. It has been found out that cadet corps implemented a full comprehensive school curriculum, including general military training and physical education. They were an important link in the integrated system of education and training of future officers in the Second Polish Republic. In general, they formed the pattern of future worthy candidates for the civil service, which undoubtedly included a professional military figure – an active and creative person, prepared to lead dynamic life and work in society. ; Розглянуто систему підготовки військових кадрів у корпусах кадетів – «сучасних школах лицарства» у Польщі впродовж 1918–1939 рр. Кадетські корпуси були добре організованими освітніми закладами, які здійснювали належну підготовку юнаків для подальшого навчання в офіцерських середніх школах. Вказано, що головна увага в них зверталася на формування в майбутніх офіцерів Війська Польського патріотизму, сильного характеру, стійкої волі, громадянськості, дисципліни, моральних цінностей. З'ясовано, що кадетські корпуси реалізували повну навчальну програму загальноосвітньої школи, включаючи загальну військову підготовку і фізичного виховання. Вони були важливою ланкою в цілісній системі освіти і виховання майбутніх офіцерських кадрів в ІІ Речі Посполитій. Загалом у них формували зразок майбутніх гідних кандидатів на державну службу, в якій, безсумнівно, є постать професійного військового – людини активної, творчої, підготовленої до активного життя і роботи в суспільстві.

The process, by which social security gained importance in the state's security system was extended over time. The twenty-year interwar period formed an important, but still preliminary period of development of such activity of the state. This was particularly visible in Poland of the time, where the still very traditional social and professional structure of the population, based on the domination of agriculture and rural inhabitants, left most of them by definition outside of the social security system.Irrespective of that, the category of social security was clearly present in the politics of the Polish state, however, its subjective scope, and in certain areas, its objective scope, remained decisively insufficient. Despite the relatively enlightened goals, particularly in the second half of the 1930s, the modern, and in certain instances quite extensive legislature, and the developed institutional paradigms, the level of social security provided by the available insurance system was rather humble. Its most defining characteristic, and at the same time, its greatest flaw, remained the selective character of the social security offered to the citizens (approx. ¾ of the population had no access to the system).Key words: social security; social insurance; healthcare; social care; Second Polish Republic ; Процес набуття соціальною безпекою значення в системі безпеки держави проходив поетапно. Міжвоєнне двадцятиліття становило важливий, але все ще вступний етап розвитку цього типу діяльності держави. Це було видно зокрема в тодішній Польщі, де досить традиційна і базована на домінуванні сільського господарства і сільського населення суспільно-професійна структура населення автоматично розміщувала переважну його більшість поза системою соціального захисту.Незалежно від цього, категорія соціальної безпеки в політиці польської держави була помітно присутня, однак її суб'єктна сфера, а також в деяких елементах предметна, була однозначно недостатньою. Незважаючи на відносно добре усвідомлення, особливо в II половині тридцятих років, цілей, сучасного і широкого, в багатьох випадках, законодавства та опрацьованих інституційних взірців рівень забезпеченої доступною системою асекурації соціальної безпеки був швидше скромний. Найбільш характерною його рисою і одночасно найбільшою вадою залишався вибірковий характер пропонованого громадянам соціального захисту (близько 3/4 мешканців доступу до системи не мали).Ключові слова: соціальна безпека; соцзабезпечення; охорона здоров'я; соціальна опіка; Друга Річпосполита.